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The violin family of musical instruments was developed in Italy in the 16th century.〔Witten 20000000 〕 At the time the name of this family of instruments was violas da braccio which was used to distinguish them from the viol family (violas ''da gamba'').〔Viola da braccio literally means "viol (or held ) on the arm". Not all members of the family were or are held against the chest or between chin and shoulder, but that some were was enough to distinguish them from the violas da gamba, literally "viol (or held ) on the leg", which, except for the biggest ones, were held between the knees or resting in the lap, and, most significantly, none of which were played ''a braccio''〕 The standard modern violin family consists of the violin, viola, cello, and double bass.〔Hoffman 1997〕〔Some sources do not include the double-bass in the violin family〕〔Until the end of the 17th century the violin family also included the tenor violin tuned a fifth above the cello; until the 18th century therefourth above the violin; besides the Syntagma Musicum of Michael Praetorius shows two types of three string treble violins tuned one octave above the violin called in that work "kleine Poschen" and which seem to be very similar to the later ''Kit violins'' or ''pochettes'': see (Syntagma Musicum, vol. 2, page XXI )〕 Instrument names in the violin family are all derived from the root ''viola'', which is a derivative of the Medieval Latin word ''vitula'' (meaning "stringed instrument").〔Harper 2001.〕 A ''violin'' is a "little viola", a ''violone'' is a "big viola" or a bass violin, and a ''violoncello'' (often abbreviated ''cello'') is a "small violone" (or, literally, a "small big viola"). (The ''violone'' is not part of the modern violin family; its place is taken by the modern double bass, an instrument with a mix of violin and viol characteristics.) The instruments of the violin family may be descended in part from the lira da braccio and the medieval Byzantine lira. ==Characteristics== The playing ranges of the instruments in the violin family overlap each other, but the tone quality and physical size of each distinguishes them from one another. The ranges are as follows: violin - G3 to E7, Viola - C3 to A6 (conservative), Violoncello - C2 to A5 (conservative), and double-bass - E1 to C5 (slightly expanded from conservative estimate.) Both the violin and the viola are played under the jaw, the viola being the larger of the two instruments, with a playing range reaching a perfect fifth below the violin's. The cello is played sitting down with the instrument between the knees, and its playing range reaches an octave below the viola's. The double bass is played standing or sitting on a stool, with a range that typically reaches a minor sixth, an octave, or a ninth below the cello's. While the cello (which developed from the bass violin), the viola and the violin are indisputable members of the ancestral violin, or ''viola da braccio'' family, the double bass's origins are sometimes called into question. The double bass is occasionally taken to be part of the viol family, due to its sloping shoulders, its tuning, the practice of some basses being made with more than four strings, and its sometimes flat back. Others point out that correlation does not imply causation, and say that these external similarities are either arbitrary, or that they arise from causes other than a relationship to the viol family. They point to the internal construction of the double bass, which includes a sound post and a bass bar like other violin family instruments, as a more weighty piece of evidence than the external features. Its origins aside, it has historically been used as the lowest member of the violin family. All string instruments share similar form, parts, construction, and function, and the viols bear a particularly close resemblance to the violin family. However, instruments in the violin family are set apart from viols by similarities in shape, in tuning practice, and in history. Violin family instruments have four strings each, are tuned in fifths (except the double bass, which is tuned in fourths), are not fretted, and have four rounded bouts, and always have a sound post and a bass bar inside. In contrast, the viol family instruments usually have five to six strings with a fretted fingerboard, are tuned in fourths and thirds, often have sloping shoulders, and do not necessarily have a sound post or bass bar. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「violin family」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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